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We use the 1988 PSID to study the effects of income and wealth on transfers of money and time between individuals and their parents as well as the effects of incomes of other relatives on these flows. We relate the relative incomes of parents and parents in-law to transfer amounts given and received by married couples. We also study how the relative incomes of divorced parents influence transfers. We find that money transfers tend to reduce inequality in household incomes and that time transfers are only weakly related to income differences. Richer siblings give more to parents and receive less. Among parents and parents in-law the richer set of parents is more likely to give money and less likely to receive money. The same is true of divorced parents. In contrast to the implications of simple exchange models of transfers, there is little evidence in the cross section or in the analysis using siblings that parental income or wealth raises time transfers from children or that time transfers are exchanged for money transfers. In the cross section and among siblings, the strong negative relationship between time transfers and distance from parents is not associated with a strong negative relationship between distance and money transfers. We discuss the implications of our results for alternative models of transfers.

Intergenerational relations --- Parent and child --- Econometric models.

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Intergenerational relations --- -Inheritance and succession --- Political stability --- Economic aspects

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Self-employed --- -Entrepreneurship --- -Intergenerational relations --- -Employment (Economic theory) --- Economic aspects --- -Economic aspects --- -Economic aspects -

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What part has religion played in the history of child-rearing? How do we persuade children to behave rationally and how should we exercise adult authority? What use do we make of their innocence and how do we cope with their sexuality? Has history left us with ideas about the child which make no sense in the prevailing conditions of the late twentieth century? In Shaping Childhood these questions are explored through themes from the history of childhood. The myth of the repressive Puritan parent is explored by looking at Puritan ideals of child-rearing. Treating the child as if it

Children --- Children and adults --- Adult and child --- Adult-child relationships --- Adults and children --- Child-adult relationships --- Child and adult --- Child psychology --- Intergenerational relations --- History. --- Relationship with adults

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History of education and educational sciences --- Children --- History --- Children and adults --- Children and adults - History. --- Adult and child --- Adult-child relationships --- Adults and children --- Child-adult relationships --- Child and adult --- Relationship with adults --- Child psychology --- Intergenerational relations